Because Justice O'Connor's framework elaborates on the parameters of a district court's discretion to award attorney's fees to a prevailing plaintiff who recovers only nominal damages, we followed those parameters in Phelps. See Phelps, 120 F.3d at 1131. Additionally, in accordance with Justice White's observation in Farrar, we emphasized that the application of the O'Connor factors did not undermine the general rule that prevailing parties should recover attorney's fees " 'unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust.' " Id. (quoting Blanchard v. Bergeron, 489 U.S. 87, 89 n. 1, 109 S. Ct. 939, 103 L. Ed. 2d 67 (1989)).

In this case, the district court applied precisely the analysis we adopted in Phelps. Analyzing the degree of success obtained, the first factor under Farrar, the court found that, despite Plaintiff's limited monetary recovery, her victory was not merely technical or de minimis; instead, the jury's "verdict vindicated the violation of her civil rights." Appellant's App. at 80. The court determined that the difference between the judgment recovered and the recovery sought was significantly distinct from the corresponding difference in Farrar: Plaintiff's claims for damages were not extravagant-she sought only back pay for twenty-one months and $50,000 in non-economic damages-while Mr. Farrar sought damages of $17 million. The court also relied on the fact that, unlike Mr. Farrar's litigation which was drawn out over ten years and two appeals, Plaintiff's litigation was not protracted.2 Citing this court's decision in Koopman v. Water District No. 1, 41 F.3d 1417, 1421 (10th Cir.1994), the court determined that Plaintiff's nominal damage award did not preclude an award of fees.

With respect to the second Farrar factor, the significance of the legal issue on which the plaintiff prevailed, the district court determined that Plaintiff succeeded on her primary claim, sexual harassment. See Appellant's App. at 81. Therefore, although she lost her retaliation and constructive discharge claims, Plaintiff "succeeded on a 'significant issue in litigation which achieves some of the benefit [she] sought in bringing suit.' " Id. (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983)).

Finally, in examining the third factor, the public purpose served by the plaintiff's success, the district court weighed whether "the judgment deters future lawless conduct as opposed to merely 'occupying the time and energy of counsel, court, and client.' " Id. (quoting Phelps, 120 F.3d at 1132). The court found that Plaintiff presented "evidence that supervisory personnel in [her] department had little training in how to investigate sexual harassment charges, and ... that, in this case, the department's policy on sexual harassment was not followed." Id. at 81-82. Thus, the court found that, "[a]s a result of this case, defendant is on notice that it must educate its employees about sexual harassment in the workplace and must promptly investigate any such claims," and "the present and future employees of both the Wyandotte County Adult Probation Division, and of the State, benefit by having their rights affirmed."3 Id. at 82. In short, the court found that while Plaintiff's litigation did not achieve significant monetary benefits, it served a larger public purpose. Although Defendant disputes whether such a benefit in fact occurred and argues that any benefit achieved is speculative, "the [d]istrict [c]ourt was free, within the bounds of the clearly erroneous standard, to find that the lawsuit did benefit" the employees of Kansas and Wyandotte County. Wilcox v. City of Reno, 42 F.3d 550, 556 (9th Cir.1994). Because we do not have " 'a definite and firm conviction that the lower court made a clear error of judgment or exceeded the bounds of permissible choice in the circumstances,' " Moothart, 21 F.3d at 1504 (citation omitted), we do not reverse the district court's factual findings.

Additionally, based on our review of the record and precedent, we do not believe that the district court's legal analysis underlying the award was erroneous. See Roe, 124 F.3d at 1231. The court clearly and carefully applied the rule of Farrar and Justice O'Connor's three-part analysis which we adopted in Phelps. The court also carefully followed our decision in Koopman in which we held that the district court erred in denying the plaintiff's motion for attorney's fees because "the present and future employees of the [Water] District benefit[ted] by having their rights affirmed," even though Mr. Koopman received only a nominal award. Koopman, 41 F.3d at 1421. Unlike Mr. Farrar's victory, Mr. Koopman's victory "sen[t] an important message to the [Water] District ... that it must provide its employees with constitutionally adequate pretermination and post-termination hearings." Id. Although the jury's verdict in this case did not order Kansas or Wyandotte County to change its policies, according to Koopman, circuit precedent does not require the judgment to order a policy change. See generally id. Nor does precedent require the legal victory to be novel to constitute a significant degree of success. Cf. Roe, 124 F.3d at 1233 (stating that novelty of issue does not affect availability of fee award); see also Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 898-99, 104 S. Ct. 1541, 79 L. Ed. 2d 891 (1984) (indicating that novelty of issue should be reflected in lodestar figure).

Instead, Koopman instructs us that what is controlling is Plaintiff's vindication of her civil rights and of important rights of her co-workers, even if she sought only a modest amount of damages. See Koopman, 41 F.3d at 1421; see also Farrar, 506 U.S. at 122, 113 S. Ct. 566 (O'Connor, J., concurring). Plaintiff's victory put Kansas, or at least Wyandotte County, on notice that it should reform its sexual harassment policies and that it is proceeding at its peril if it declines to do so. These results-vindicating rights secured by Title VII and providing a broad constitutional benefit to other employees of Wyandotte County-are in the interests of the public and are exactly what Congress intended to encourage under Title VII. Cf. Gudenkauf v. Stauffer Communications, Inc., 158 F.3d 1074, 1081 (10th Cir.1998) (holding that a verdict for a plaintiff in a mixed-motive case constitutes a victory on a significant legal issue that serves a public purpose, "notwithstanding the fact that a plaintiff recovers no damages"). Moreover, Defendant pointed to no special circumstances that would render this award unjust. Accordingly, the district court's application of Farrar to award attorney's fees in this case adheres to Supreme Court and circuit precedent, enforces Congressional intent, and encourages the vindication of civil rights. "It does not appear to us [that] this is the kind of case Farrar was intended to discourage attorneys from taking." Koopman, 41 F.3d at 1421.

We conclude that the district court appropriately evaluated the reasonableness of a fee award to Plaintiff in light of controlling case law. We also hold that the court did not abuse its discretion in awarding to Plaintiff $41,598.13 in fees and expenses. The district court's award is AFFIRMED.

BALDOCK, Circuit Judge, dissenting.

Because the jury awarded Plaintiff Brandau one dollar on her sexual harassment claim, she is a "prevailing party" entitled to move for an award of attorney's fees against Defendant under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(k). Farrar v. Hobby, 506 U.S. 103, 112, 113 S. Ct. 566, 121 L. Ed. 2d 494 (1992). The amount of the jury's damage award does not affect Plaintiff's status as a "prevailing party." Rather, it bears on the reasonableness of the district court's $40,000 fee award. Farrar instructs us that " 'the most critical factor ' in determining the reasonableness of a fee award 'is the degree of success obtained.' " Id. at 114, 113 S. Ct. 566 (quoting Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 436, 103 S. Ct. 1933, 76 L. Ed. 2d 40 (1983)) (emphasis added). Farrar leaves no doubt as to what normally constitutes a reasonable fee for a party securing only nominal damages where, as here, the recovery of damages was the sole purpose of the litigation:

In a civil rights suit for damages ... the award of nominal damages ... highlights the plaintiff's failure to prove actual, compensable injury.... When a plaintiff recovers only nominal damages because of her failure to prove an essential element of her claim for monetary relief, ... the only reasonable fee is usually no fee at all.

506 U.S. at 115, 113 S. Ct. 566 (emphasis added).

This court's reliance upon "the general rule that prevailing parties should recover attorney's fees," even where that party achieves nothing more than a moral victory through an award of nominal damages, is wrong. Farrar says exactly the opposite: Where a jury awards a prevailing party nominal damages and nothing more, an award of attorney's fees is the exception, not the general rule. By discounting Farrar 's controlling principles, the district court clearly "exceeded the bounds of permissible choice," under the circumstances of this case. Because this court's opinion, like the district court's, is contrary to Farrar, I dissent.1

Relying on Justice O'Connor's concurring opinion in Farrar, 506 U.S. at 116-22, 113 S. Ct. 566 (O'Connor, J., concurring), which notably no other member of the Court chose to join, this court makes much about the district court's conclusions that the jury's verdict "vindicated the violation of [Plaintiff's] civil rights," and "served a larger public purpose." Such vague and indeterminate postulations may be made in virtually all civil rights litigation where plaintiff is a prevailing party by virtue of a nominal damage award. The proper analysis in this case, however, even under Justice O'Connor's approach, is straightforward: The ratio between the damages sought and recovered was 50,000 to 1; the sole legal issue on which Plaintiff prevailed was unremarkable; and the public benefit from the litigation was uncertain at best, negligible at worst. See id. at 121-22, 113 S. Ct. 566 (O'Connor, J., concurring). If this is not a case in which Farrar precludes an award of attorney's fees, I am hard pressed to hypothesize one.

As the second circuit has noted: "The vast majority of civil rights litigation does not result in ground-breaking conclusions of law, and therefore will only be appropriate candidates for fee awards if a plaintiff recovers some significant measure of damages or other meaningful relief." Pino v. Locascio, 101 F.3d 235, 239 (2d Cir.1996). "[N]ot every tangential ramification of civil rights litigation ipso facto confers a benefit on society." Id. Yet after today, the general rule in the Tenth Circuit appears to be that a one dollar nominal damage award alone justifies a $40,000 fee award.

Any tangible benefit which might justify the district court's fee award is "utterly lacking" in this case. See Romberg v. Nichols, 48 F.3d 453, 455 (9th Cir.1995). Plaintiff obtained no meaningful relief-damage award or otherwise. Thus, this court's opinion finds little support in decisions like Case v. Unified School Dist. No. 233, 157 F.3d 1243 (10th Cir.1998), and Phelps v. Hamilton, 120 F.3d 1126 (10th Cir.1997), where plaintiffs were successful in obtaining prospective relief-a very tangible benefit. The analysis the court undertook in those cases is simply inappropriate for cases such as this where a civil rights plaintiff achieves little or nothing. Moreover, although the district court reasoned that the evidence showed Defendant's response to sexual harassment in the workplace was inadequate, the fact remains that the "enforceable judgment" requires Defendant to do nothing more than pay Plaintiff $1.00. As Justice O'Connor noted in Farrar: "Chimerical accomplishments are simply not the kind of legal change that Congress sought to promote in the fee statute." 506 U.S. at 119, 113 S. Ct. 566 (O'Connor, J., concurring).

The issue in this case is straightforward and before today easily resolved: Does a district court abuse its discretion in awarding attorney's fees to a civil rights plaintiff who recovers only nominal damages and nothing more? In Farrar, the Supreme Court answered the question with a resounding yes. As an inferior federal court, we must follow its dictates. While Farrar did not establish a per se rule that a civil rights plaintiff recovering only nominal damages can never receive an attorney's fee award, the Court's opinion clearly indicates that a fee award in such a case will be rare. See Pino, 101 F.3d at 238. Plaintiff Brandau's lawsuit is not the rare exception. Because we are bound by Farrar, I would hold that the district court abused its discretion, and reverse its award of attorney's fees.